The poets identities in Search for My Tongue and Unrelated Incidents Essay Example for Free

The poets identities in Search for My Tongue and Unrelated Incidents EssayHow important is linguistic process to the poets identities in Search for My Tongue and Unrelated Incidents?Search for my Tongue is about a woman who is from India who is living in an English speaking country. She feels she has missed her arrest tongue because she cant speak to anyone in her preferred language. She wants readers to imagine how it would feel if they were in her position because all she can speak is other peoples language in order to survive. She wants the reader to know that the language she is speaking is a stranger to her. She rejoices her language in her dreams and this shows that her language or mother tongue will neer leave her.Unrelated Incidents is also a metrical composition about language and identity. The poem is about as Glaswegian poet from Glasgow. He is angry that the history of language in this country is linked directly to class because if you speak with Received Pronu nciation you are supposed to be upper class, whereas if you speak with a accent you are considered lower class. He uses a newsreader as an drill because if they talk with a dialect you would not know if they were telling the truth for physical exertion if a toktaboot thi trooth lik wonna yoo scruff yi widny thingk it wuz troo.Search for My Tongue starts off conversational You ask me what I mean by saying I bring forth lost my tongue. It so becomes more descriptive when she moves into her dream and gets closer to her mother tongue it grows back, a stump of a exact grows longer, grows moist, grows strong veins. This is because she is getting more comfort adequate because she is able to speak using her first language.She uses Gujerati in the middle of English by putting phonetics in English underneath the fancy and decorative Gujerati (may thoonky nakhi chay). This shows that her language is sandwiched between English, trapped, imprisoned and suppressed. The end lines of English are very descriptive because she has got her first language back and she is extremely happy Everytime I echo Ive forgotten, I think Ive lost the mother tongue, it blossoms out of my mouth. She uses the word blossom this is a pretty, celebratory and joyous word to show her happiness.Similarly Unrelated Incidents focuses on language and identity. The poem is long and thin like an autocue showing that he is newsreader. This shows that its someone elses words and that he is becoming someone else. The poem starts off using elements of bar English for example this is the sextuplet a clock news. Then, when he gets angry his dialect becomes stronger, voice lik wanna yoo scruff, if a toktaboot thi trooth. Its narrow and long to reflect the history of language, federation and power and the narrow mindness of those who believe dialects are inferior scruff. If you talk with a dialect you are scruff and inferior.In Search for My Tongues the language begins simple and conversational and then becomes more descriptive as she moves into the dream. At the beginning its very conversational, You ask me what I mean by saying I have lost my tongue. This reflects what the poem is about. The extended fable is then introduced. The poet then uses alliteration like two tongues which creates the feeling like your struggling and tries to make the reader actually examine this. The metaphor for language, tongue is used to make it more of a physical process. Then another effective metaphor foreign tongue, to give the impression that it is a stranger.Another powerful metaphor used to describe the death of her tongue is rot. She then uses the metaphor spit to show how disgusting her tongue is and that she has to get relieve of it. As she gets her mother tongue back her writing gets a lot more descriptive and she uses a lot more metaphors and some alliteration. One metaphor she uses is it grows back, a stump of a shoot she is matching her tongue to a flower or plant. This metaphor is al so alliteration stump of a shoot which creates an effect of it growing back. There is also some rhythm it ties the other tongue in knots which sounds punchy like a fight. The poet then uses some repetition for example spit it out this is to show how awful she feels about her foreign tongue.Similarly in Unrelated Incidents it begins using Standard English then the dialect becomes stronger. This is thi six oclock news. As the poem progresses the dialect becomes stronger and less Standard English is being used and he uses phonetics toktaboot thi trooth. The rules of punctuation are rebelled against thirza right way ti tour ana right way ti tok it. The poet spells most words as he would say it and uses phonetics. He also rebels by starting a new curse without a capital letter. The poem lacks any descriptive imagery because he is angry and frustrated. Repetition of scruff is used because the poet wants to get across what he thinks of the news readers and the history of language.I think she has written the poem to show her feelings to other people and to put across her view. I add up with this because I think everyone should have there own personal view. I have learnt that no matter how long you speak a different language you will always mobilise your first language.I think he has written the poem to show to other people how he feels about news readers and the history of languages. I agree with this because again everyone should have their own views. I have learnt that the way people speak is not a way to judge people.

The Effects of High Gas Prices Essay Example for Free

The Effects of High Gas Prices EssayGas is an important fertile resource in the world. Driving cars, heating buildings, producing electricity, pack all(a) need bodge. Therefore, gunslinger is directly related to peoples normal life and the globular economy. Recently, due to the fights mingled with Israel and the Hezbollah guerrilla, the Middle East political and economic situation has been deteriorating, which has led to the continuous hikes of gas prices. Since gas plays an important role in our economy, people should view that the full(prenominal) gas price does not only mean people need to pay more for driving their cars, but it also brings the pervasive inflation, the stir of peoples consumption habits, and more seriously, the recession of the worldwide economy.First of all, the rising prices of gas, a critical input in almost all production processes, will induction the price hikes of most consumer and industry products the inflation. For example, after the gas p rice increases, the costs of transportations also increase. Raw materials need to be transported into factories before they become final products all final products need to be transported to retail stores where consumers can buy them. Therefore, the increasing costs of transportation will directly be added in the prices of consumer products. Moreover, the graduate(prenominal) gas prices generally are led by the high crude oil prices, and the crude oil is the raw material of most important chemical products such as nylon and synthetic polymers, which are inputs of most industry products. Consequently, the hike of the crude oil price also leads the rises of the industry product prices. The pervasive inflation is inevitable.Influenced by the inflation caused by the high gas prices, peoples consumption habits will gradually change. With the rising gas prices, people will reduce the times of long-distance tour by driving their cars, and they will more rely on public transportation sys tems such as the metro and the bus to commute between their works sites and their homes. If the hikes of gas prices continue, people will stop buying luxurious and gas-consuming Sport Utilities Vehicles a type of passenger vehicle which combines the load-hauling and versatility of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying office of a van or station wagon, and they will even buy more compact and economical cars to retire their SUVs already owned. Moreover, facing more big-ticket(prenominal) hydro bills at homes, people will change their electrical appliances to more energy-efficient ones and renew their insulation of their house to keep their house warm in the winter. More dramatically, people will opt to live in urban areas which are near their working places to reduce their commute distances to save gas.The most serious impact of high gas prices is the global recession, which was proved by the history in seventies. The hikes of gas prices will lead chain effects and vicious econo mic cycles. First, the high gas prices will lead the pervasive inflation in the global economy. Facing the continuous rising prices of consumer products, people will consume less and demand high salaries. However, due to the rising prices of raw materials and workers salaries, entrepreneurs will reduce their production capacities and even layoff their employees. With more people unemployed, demands will decrease even more, so will the supplies. Finally, the global economy will step down unhealthy cycles. The political and economic situation in the world will become turbulent. This is what exactly happened in 1970s after OPEC increased the crude oil price artificially.In general, the skyrocketing of gas prices is not an isolated event. It will directly influence peoples normal life and global economy in ways of inducing inflation, altering peoples consumption habits, and making the global economy slipping into deep recession. For the interests of human beings, the international commu nities should immediately put in in the conflict between Israel and the Hezbollah guerrilla and force them to reach a peace treaty. The peace of Middle East will eventually lead the cool down of gas prices.

Factors that Influence Communication

Factors that Influence CommunicationThere are some(prenominal) ways of communication and the way we communicate is key factor of what we really are trying to put across. Factors that may influence our communication are eye contact, corpse quarrel (i.e. posture), tone of verbalize, gesture, and facial expression. Here are drills of how each of those would influence the way we communicate.Eye contact allows us to guess a nonher persons thought and feelings by unspoiled look at their eyes. For example if I was talking to someone and they were looking away Id shake the feeling that they are bored and not interested. Also if I was talking to someone and during the conversation I raised my eye it suggest that I am listening and excited or either shocked depending on the topic.Body actors line.Posture is part of our body language. For example if I was talking to a boy I liked Id be facing towards him and chatting, however if my body was not facing towards hom this suggest that I a m not really interested. Also if when sitting down chatting to a person if they are leaning prat this can send the message that they are either relaxed or bored, however if they are leaning forward this implies that they are interested.Tone of voiceOur tone of voice is really important when conversing. For example if you talk really fast and loud this may suggest that you are angry. However if you talk in a loath calm voice then this shows that you are rather being friendly.GestureGesture is the movement of the arm, progress to and head used to help us represent what a person is trying to say. For example when trying to communicate but speech is not possible deal use hand gestures. The common hand gestures are the peace mark (the index and middle flick raised and apart), okay gesture (closed fist held with the thumb extended upward) and the not okay (closed fist held with the thumb extended downward).Face ExpressionsOur face usually shows our emotional state. Our facial expr ession shows whether we are sad, angry, happy ,surprised scared etc. For instance, if someones facial expression was a big smile and wide eyes this may suggest that they are happy.P4 Explain strategies used in health and social care environments to reduce bars to efficacious communication and interpersonal interactions.M2 Review strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome hindrances to effective communication and interpersonal interactions.P4 There are many communication barriers. The message the sender is sending may not be understood by the receiver in the correct way and for that reason thither is a communication breakdown. There are the communication barriersDeafnessBlindnessDumb/MutenessLanguageSlangEnvironmentM2 I testament withal review the strengthens and weaknesses of the strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions.BlindnessBlindness is the loss of sight/vi sion. To overcome the barrier of blindness, braille and speech can be used to communicate. Braille is a writing system used by blind people to be fitted to read, Braille characters are small rectangular blocks called cells that contain tiny palpable bumps called raised dots. For example in a care home, the lunch poster can be written in braille for a person who cant see the menu. Also another way to overcome this barrier is by either having a big print menu or spectacles for the client so that its clearer. In addition using language to describe things is a precise useful way to communicate to a blind person for example when meeting a blind person it is effective to make them sensitive that you are at that place and who you are and also what you may look like?The advantages of using braille is that braille allows the visually impaired to understand quicker and get things done easily and faster as well as allowing them to be more independent . The disadvantages are the not all vi sually impaired people know how to use braille also not all peoples fingers are sensitive enough to use it.I believe that braille is effective as it makes the visually impaired very independent and makes life a chance easier. I believe that braille could be more effective if it had been taught in schools to everyone not just the mainstream students. This will not only benefit the visually impaired but someone who is not visually impaired because in life if they do come across a blind person they will be able to still communicate with them.DeafnessDeafness is the loss of sound. To overcome the barrier of deafness sign language can be used to communicate. Sign language is using gesture and signs to communicate to a deaf person for example at a hospital a deaf patient can communicate with their affect using sign language .Another way to overcome the barrier of hearing disability are by using clear speech so that the person can lip-read, this will involve using a lot of eye contact be cause you would need to make your face visible for the person trying to lip-read. Also using technological aids to communicate is also very effective, these are facilities to help with communication for example hearing aids are small devices that goes behind ones ear which strengthen a persons hearing.The advantage of using sign language isThe disadvantage of using sign language is that light is always need, people cannot communicate with each other in the dark also not all hearing impaired people know sign languageDumb/mutenessDumb/Muteness is the inability of speech and is often associated or linked with deafness. However, the technological aid of text-to-speech can overcome this barrier .Text-to-speech is computerised equipment that allows a muted person to type what they want to say and then it will infer into speech form. Also makatons can be used to overcome this barrier. Makaton is a language programme for developing language using speech, signs and symbols. For example in a childcare centre Makaton is used a lot with pre-speech babies and toddlers like picture cards and gestures.Environment (Space. Noise. Location. )Space- The space between people is very important when communicating because little space between two can make a person uncomfortable .For example if .wanted to talk to..and the space between them was 1 finger away from each other and its someone you arent close to then the person may feel very uncomfortable and may not be listening probably or is not giving the right responses back or even too much of a distance can lead to misunderstanding. Noise- If there is a lot of background noise it will be harder for people to hear each other when communicating and mixed messages may be received.LanguageLanguage can become a barrier as the person you may be trying to communicate with may not be able to speak the same language so therefore the communication is received but not understood. However, to overcome this barrier interpreters/translator are people who will translate and forward your message to the person who you are trying to communicate with by talking to them in their language. For example if the doctor only spoke side but his patient would only be able to speak Turkish a Turkish interpreter would translate to her what the doctor is saying to her or if the doctor does know how to speak Turkish he should use his patients preferred language.SlangSlang is an informal way of speaking which consists of words and phrases that may not be found in the standard dictionary. Slang is mostly used by the younger generation within specific social groups and communities. It consists of words shortened as well as words such as piff which would mean good looking or sick which means cool/awesome. Jargon is quite quasi(prenominal) but it is not informal, it is technical terminology words and phrases used by particular professions. For example a doctor uses the scientific terminology for DNA which is deoxyribonucleic window pane rath er than DNA. To overcome this barrier it is best to avoid using slang and use the formal standardized English.

Good Governance Vs Good Administration Politics Essay

Good Governance Vs Good Administration Politics Essay Good brass instrument and cracking earthly concern administration are essential aspects of democracy. The ability to distri ande societys resources, curb the abuse of great power and corruption and guarantee equality of all persons before the law of nature is fundamental to a surface-functioning society.The starting point of this research has been the hypothesis that our new commitment to brass norms is interlocked with the emergence of a new model (or new models) of accepted policy-making action and state regulation.The present analysis result concentrate of the following factors among others the enforceable content of the right wing, including the role of the European Ombudsman the relationship between grievous regime and hot administration the uncertain reach of the judgment of maladministrationDemocratic constitution differs from the purpose of ripe(p) governance in recognizing that governmental and well-beh aved freedoms and participation encounter basic value as evolutional ends in themselves and not just means for achieving socio-economic progress.Democratic governance is built on the impression of pitying development in its full sense of the precondition, which is about expanding capabilities people take, to be free and able to lead lives that they would choose to. The capability to be free from threats of power and to be able to speak freely is as important as being literate for a full life. While the range of capabilities that people have is huge and al just about infinite, more or less(prenominal) key capabilities are fundamental in human life and are universally valued, not simply those in the socioeconomic sphere such as health and survival, education and access to knowledge, minimum material means for a decent standard of living, but those in the policy-making sphere such as security from violence, and political freedom and participation. Indeed, these are core ele ments of human well being reflected in the Millennium Declaration. Democratic governance needs to be underpinned by a political regime that guarantees civil and political liberties as human rights, and that attends participation of people and accountability of decision makers.In 1977, the Council of Europe argued in its Resolution 77 (31)1that since the development of the current state had resulted in an increasing importance of in the existence eye(predicate) administrative activities, individuals were more frequently impact by administrative procedures. The principal task of the Council of Europe was to protect the individuals fundamental rights and freedoms, hence they intended to undertake efforts to improve the individuals procedural position vis--vis the administration by promoting the adoption of rules, which would ensure dependableness in the relations between the citizen and the administrative authorities2. The following principles were statedI Right to be heardII A ccess to informationIII Assistance and representationIV Statement of reasonsV Indication of remedies3Article 41 of the let of Fundamental Rights of the European sum of m unrivalledy stipulate that every person has the right to have his or her affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a honest duration by the institutions and bodies of the Union. This right includes the right of every person to be heard, before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken the right of every person to have access to his or her file, while respecting the legitimate interests of confidentiality and of professional and business secrecy the obligation of the administration to give reasons for its decisions4. every(prenominal) person has the right to have the club make wide any damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties, in accordance with the frequent principles common to the laws of the Member States. Every person whit ethorn write to the institutions of the Union in one of the languages of the Treaties and must(prenominal) have an answer in the same language.The setting out of the right to good administration represents the establishment of a new fundamental right. The principle of good administration has been developed by the jurisprudence of the courtyard of Justice and in the rulings of the Court of First Instance, and is based on the existence of a Community governed by the rule of law. Paragraph 1 reaffirms this general right, the essential elements of which are expanded on in paragraph 2. The right to good administration arises from a concern for equal treatment, in accordance with the jurisprudence of the Court, and with the right to an effective remedy ( expression 47 of the Charter) as well as rights which go with it. (the right to be heard and each persons right to access to his or her file) This right is overly contained in article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Politi cal Rights, and article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The institutions obligations arise from the provisions of the Treaties the general obligation to give reasons for decisions, (article 253 EC) making good of damages (article 288 EC) and the possibility of communicating with the institutions of the Union in one of the languages of the Treaty. (article 21 EC) Unlike in the Treaty, in the Charter this possibility is open to every person5.The European Ombudsman instituted by the Treaty of Maastricht (articles 21 and 195 EC) is authorized to receive complaints in cases of maladministration in the activities of Community institutions and bodies. In April 2000, the Ombudsman do a recommendation containing the principles to be included in a Code of good administrative conduct applicable to the servants of institutions and bodies of the Union in their relations with the public6. The Commission has added a Code of this type in annex to its internal regulations, in the con text of the reform of its services and operations. The other institutions and bodies of the Union have also adopted a Code of good administrative conduct based on the Ombudsmans recommendations, or are in the process of doing so.Furthermore, in the context of jurisprudence and legal cooperation, and in order to create an area of freedom, security and justice, the Union is committed to a global anti-corruption policy, set out in the Commissions communication of 1997.So we can say that democratic local anesthetic governance is the process of governing democratically at the local level, believeed considerablely to include not solely the machinery of government, but also the community at-large and its interaction with local authorities. (Use of the term .local. refers to all sub-national levels of government.) When effective decentralization and democratic local governance advance in tandem, local governments and the communities they govern gain the authority, resources, and skills t o make responsive choices and to act on them effectively and accountably. Advancing the capacity of local governments to act effectively and accountably requires promoting the desire and capacity of civil society organizations and individual citizens to take responsibility for their communities, participate in local priority-setting, assist in the implementation of those decisions, and then monitor their effectiveness7.Local self-sufficiency is an important factor which enhances progress towards local democracy and the achievement of good governance (Ron Duncan, 2004).Governance nowadays occupies a central stage in the development discourse but is also considered as the crucial element to be incorporated in the development strategy. However, apart from the universal acceptance of its importance, differences prevail in respect of theoretical formulations, policy prescriptions and conceptualization of the subject itself. Governance as a theoretical construct, separate from the theory of state, is not only in an embryonic stage, but its formulation also differs among researchers depending on their ideological convictions.According to Larry Diamond (2005) good governance consists of several proportionalitys.One is the capacity of the state to function in the service of the public good. stiff functioning requires knowledge of the policies and rules that silk hat serve the public good, and hence training of state officials in their various professional realms. It requires a professional civil service with a set of norms and structures that promote fidelity to public rules and duties, in part by rewarding those who perform well in their roles.This relates intimately to the second dimension of good governance, commitment to the public good. Where does this commitment come from? It whitethorn be generated by dedicated and charismatic leadership. Or it may derive from a cultural ethic that appreciates and a structure of institutional incentives that rewards discipl ined service to the nation or the general community. In every modern society, however, it must (at a minimum) be reinforced by institutions that punish betrayals of the public trust, and so this normative element is strongly linked to the concrete institutional ones.A third dimension of good governance is transparency, the bleakness of state business and conduct to the scrutiny of other state actors and of the public. Transparency requires freedom of information, including an act to ensure that citizens can acquire information about how government makes decisions, conducts business, and spends public money. Needless to say, it requires full openness and competitiveness in public procurement, but it also requires openness with regard to the person-to-person finances of government officials.Transparency is intimately related to accountability, the fourth dimension of good governance. Governing agents are more likely to be responsible and good when they are answerable for their condu ct to the society in general and to other specific institutions that monitor their behaviour and can impose sanctions upon them. Effective oversight requires open flows of information, and hence transparency, so that monitors can discover facts and mobilize evidence. This requires a system of government by which different institutions check and hold one another accountable, compelling them to justify their actions. Power is thus constrained, bound not only by legal constraints but also by the logic of public reasoning.Transparency and accountability are thus intimately bound up with a fifth dimension of good governance, the rule of law. Governance can only be good when it is restrained by the law when the constitution and laws (including individual rights under them) are widely known, when the law is applied equally to the mighty and the meek, when everyone has reasonable access to justice, and when there are capable, independent authorities to adjudicate and enforce the law in a ne utral, predictable, and efficient fashion. Both effective government and well functioning markets require that there be clear rules about what constitutes acceptable conduct in all realms of economic, neighborly and political life. All actors, public and private, must have confidence that those rules will be observed. merely under a rule of law can property rights be secure and contracts enforceable. Only by a rule of law can individuals be secure against arbitrary harm from the state or powerful private actors.A fifth dimension of good governance consists of mechanisms of conflict resolution. Participation is one means for doing so. Development is not only about choice at the individual level but also about making difficult choices at the collective level. Often there is no clear answer to the question of what is in the public interest. Only through a process of political participation and dialogue can conflicting interests be reconciled in a way that is deemed minimally fair by all (or most), and that generates broad commitment among the relevant constituencies or stakeholders in the policy arena. But participation in itself can also stimulate conflict. departure resolution requires as well fairness, justice, and transparency, and often more specific mechanisms to ensure that all groups are heard and included and that power and resources are decentralized and spread in a way that gives each community or region some real declare over its own affairs.Finally, when good governance functions in the above five ways, it also breeds social capital, in the form of networks and associations that draw people together in relations of trust, reciprocity, and voluntary cooperation for common ends. The deeper a countrys reservoirs of social capital, and the more these are based on horizontal relations of equality, the more vigorous is coordination for and commitment to the public good. Social capital thus not only fosters the expansion of investment and commerce, em bedded in relations of trust and predictability, it also breeds the civic spirit, participation, and respect for law that are crucial foundations of political development and good governance. In other words, it generates a political culture of responsible citizenship. All of this in turn breeds political legitimacy and stability-further deepening the societys appeal to investors who must jeopardize capital in the effort to create new wealth. In many respects then, good governance constitutes a virtuous cycle in which the several elements reinforce one another in a dense interplay.Shalendra D. Sharma (2007) demonstrates that good governance has several characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective, efficient, equitable, and inclusive and follows the rule of law. At a minimum, good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially by an independent judiciary and its decisions and enforcement are transpa rent or carried out in a dash that follows established rules and regulations. Since accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law, accountability is a key requirement of good governance.Policy analysis based empirically on the historical experiences of governance gives prominence to government failures to deliver, leading to propositions for downsizing or rightsizing, while policy prescriptions for good governance take an evolutionary view of the matter questioning relevance of public sector instruction of certain activities in a changed context (Hye Hasnat, 2001).Good governance is the term that symbolizes the paradigm remove of the role of governments (Holzer, 2002).. Moreover, governance is not only about the organs or actors as affirmed by Hasnat Abdul Hye. More importantly, it is about the quality of governance, which expresses itself through elements and dimensions, which will be listed in this study.Nevertheless, he states that Just as the dan cer cannot be separated from the dance, the organs or actors executing governance in their respective spheres cannot be relegated to the background.It has become a truism to say that good governance is essential for successful development. This simply begs the question what is good governance?Governance is about processes, not about ends. Common definitions describe governance as a process by which power is exercised without explicitly stating the ends being sought (Hyden, 2000).At international levels some definitions were depicted.The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Given that the term governance means different things to different people, it is useful, therefore, for the UNDP to clarify, at the very outset, the sense in which it understands the word. Among the many definitions of governance that exist, the one that appears the most appropriate from the viewpoint of the UNDP is the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a countrys affairs at all levels. It comprises mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups check out their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences.8Good governance is, among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable, effective and equitable, and it promotes the rule of law. It ensures that political, social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of development resources.The universe BankAccording to the World Bank, governance is the air in which power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social resources for development.On this meaning, the concept of governance is concerned directly with the management of the development process, involving both the public and the private sectors. It encompasses the functioning and capability of the public sector, as well as the rules and institutions that create the framework for the conduct of both public and private business, including accountability for economic and financial performance, and regulatory frameworks relating to companies, corporations, and partnerships. In broad terms, then, governance is about the institutional environment in which citizens interact among themselves and with government agencies/officials.UN conceptGovernance is the process whereby public institutions conduct public affairs, manage public resources and guarantee the realization of human rights. Good governance accomplishes this in a manner essentially free of abuse and corruption, and with due regard for the rule of law. The true test of good governance is the storey to which it delivers on the promise of human rights civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. The key question in the UNs concept is are the institutions of governance effectively guaranteeing the right to health, adequate housing, sufficient food, quality education, fair justice and personal security?The concept of good governance has been clarified by the work of the Commission on Human Rights. In its resolution 2000/64 the Commission identify the key attributes of good governance astransparencyresponsibilityaccountabilityparticipationresponsiveness (to the needs of the people)Resolution 2000/64 expressly linked good governance to an enabling environment conducive to the enjoyment of human rights and prompting growth and sustainable human development. In underscoring the importance of development cooperation for securing good governance in countries in need of external support, the resolution recognized the value of partnership approaches to development cooperation and the inappropriateness of prescriptive approaches.By linking good governance to sustainable human development, emphasizing principles such as accountability, participation and the enjoyment of human rights, and rejecting prescriptive approaches to development assistance, the resolution stands as an implicit endorsement of the rights-based approach to development.OECDThe concept of governance denotes the use of political authority and exercise of control in a society in relation to the management of its resources for social and economic development. This broad definition encompasses the role of public authorities in establishing the environment in which economic operators function and in determining the distribution of benefits as well as the nature of the relationship between the ruler and the ruled. (OECD DAC, 1995)At the Local Development and Governance in Central, East and South East Europe Conference9 touched two questions What are the obstacles in coordinating policies, adapting them at the local conditions and involving business and civil society in strategic planning and the orientation of measures, and what are the best mechanism and initiatives to overcome these obstacles? Can these initiatives be mainstreamed an d extended to all regions of the country to connect the various actors of local development around long term goals and concrete implementation tasks whatever the local conditions?At the same conference Professor Xavier Greffe (2005) enounced several types of instruments that could help good governance at local level a proper allocation of responsibilities between the different levels of government involved (the institutional environment for governance), a sound organization of forums where stakeholders could interact and create synergism (institutional design), good management of project execution in its different dimensions legal, financial or cultural (regulation of governance).10USAIDGovernance encompasses the capacity of the state, the commitment to the public good, the rule of law, the degree of transparency and accountability, the level of popular participation, and the stock of social capital. Without good governance, it is impossible to foster development. No amount of reso urces transferred or infrastructure built can represent for-or survive-bad governance.It can be concluded that the introduction of democratic institutions in the form of more ample political rights, civil rights, and freedom of the press, among others, may or may not be associated with improved governance. Are the various cases of enlightened dictatorship the rule or the exception in the recent past? Do most democracies allow their population to choose more effective policymakers or are they just used as a tool by specific classes and oligarchies to control political power and sustain ineffective, corrupt regimes?Before making any predictions, it needs to be established whether the notion of good administration now acts as a kind of umbrella for the numerous disparate rules previously grouped around the notion of user protection in which case the change would be a quantitative one or whether it is of an entirely new nature in which case there has been a qualitative shift. It is still too earliest to give a definite answer. There is good reason to think, however, that in future, any oversight brought to bear on the activities of the administration will focus not just on specific administrative acts, but also on the administrative procedures themselves. In other words, there has been a shift in fierceness from the outcome of administrative action (result) to administrative behaviour (functioning). Other clues, the discussion of which is beyond the compass of the present report, suggest that this is indeed the direction in which the concept of good administration is moving. Good administration, good governance, good legislation all effectively presuppose the existence of a large pool of good people. Is a good administration one that makes good decisions (i.e. legal decisions) or will we eventually come round to the view that good acts are ones that are produced by a good administration, without the need for any other reference to some predefined legality? I n other words, are good acts to be defined objectively in their own right or should they, as Aristotle suggests, more properly be regarded as the acts of a good person? (Fortsakis, 2005)The features of good administration cannot be fixed or fully enunciated, but are identified only when the conduct of the administration fails to reach an acceptable standard, a standard that varies over time and context. And in the modes of the concept most often embraced-such as the notion of citizen as consumer with marketplace choice, and the notion of consultation, a form of participatory democracy which privileges those individuals and communities who have the political sophistication to organise themselves and further marginalise large sectors of unorganised society-she finds a virtual denial of the democratic concept of citizen as sovereign, the creator of state power who can dictate the exact limits to be placed on personal autonomy.

Practice Requirements for Children with Disabilities

Practice Requirements for Children with DisabilitiesFormal Assessment OneOUTLINE the legal and regulatory requirements in send let come out of the closet for children with disabilities or specific requirements.Following the Equality Act 2010 and the Special Educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice (2001)all establishments including those delivering education own a statutory duty to promote practice that values the individual packs of children and promotes equality and cellular inclusion. This heart and soul that where possible children with SEN should be taught in mainstream trains or early education settings. moreover children with SEN needs mustiness be treated where possible the same as separate children. Educational establishments have to ensure they have clear SEN policies in pull and these need to be reviewed regularly. Children with SEN need to be offered full access to a broad, balanced and appropriate curriculum at all stages.The governing body or management grou p argon responsible for establishing appropriate runging levels and funding arrangements to ensure there argon enough resources both human and physical to be equal to adhere to the policy.All lag need to be aw be of the individual needs of pupils and systems need to be set up to ensure the passing of discipline from one school phase to another. They should be manifold in the development of policies and be aware of procedures for identifying, assessing and making provision for children with SEN.The Code of practice recognises the importance of the parting of parents and the child and both need to be included in the discussions for any support that is necessary and the development of targets for stoping.It is a requirement that Individual Education Plans (IEP) are drawn up to help guide the delivery of special education support and services and to identify additional or different interventions necessary from the active curriculum to enable the child to progress. Suitable lear ning challenges should always be set so that children dont be seed disillusioned and opt out of education. Where possible the targets should be in the childs own words or symbols.IEPs need to be reviewed at least twice a year preferably termly and adaptations do in light of the childs progress. The parents and child must always be included and present at reviews and annual reviews should include all appropriate staff and support agencies including the next educational pop the questionr when a child is moving from one educational stage to another. Children need to be listened to and their views valued. They need to be able to express their feelings, participate in discussions and indicate their choices including when changing schools.To assist schools external support services should be utilize to support the school, family and individual child. school days need to work in partnership with LEA and the providers of their services as children with SEN are more likely to have healt h issues including moral health problems. Consultation is necessary as health issues maybe contributing to difficulties in school and with their ability to learn.Many schools have put in place a SENCO who is responsible for monitoring the use of the policies in place and for coordinating the provision for children with SEN. They are responsible for the various action plans such as School Action and School Action PlusEXPLAIN why it is burning(prenominal) to work inclusively with children with disabilities or specific requirementsThe implementation of inclusion promotes positive awareness and great social go throughing of all children and staff in an educational setting. It withal provides opportunities for friendships between all children and develops comfortable interaction with those with disabilities. In a middle school I taught in there was a centre for children with disabilities. However for many lessons, breaks, lunchtimes and school trips all children were together. Thi s enabled children to support each other and assist those with disabilities to join in the wider curriculum and to feel accepted in the school community. inclusion helps avoid the segregation of children with SEN and encourages children to respect each other and learn to understand those with diverse characteristics. It in addition encourages respect for children of all background and abilities. Being educated together builds confidence and enables those with SEN to become more positive and assertive as well as develops converse skills.Inclusion does not simply mean the placement of students with disabilities in general education classes(Inclusive Schools Network page 1)It is necessary for the school to make fundamental changes in the way the school community supports and addresses the individual needs of all children. This will benefit all children and enable them to flourish. Following the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities means that educationa l establishments must encourage respect for children with SEN. They must also permit equal access to the curriculum and adapt school for children with disabilities. This is from the physical side such as providing access for wheelchairs and children with other physical disabilities, as well as providing duplicate support including writers, readers, use of sign language to help with their learning and assessments.Teachers and staff need to be able to adapt lessons to accommodate the wide range of learning styles in their classes e.g. visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. Use of computers, braille, different colour papers, various surface fonts will assist the different needs of children. This will help all children to access the curriculum and encourage a positive and exciting learning environment. As a teacher I have s writet many hours planning differentiated lessons that take into account the classs varying needs. I have put work on different colour paper according to what has been identified for a child, for example yellow or green. I have do use of the interactive white board to allow children to hear and see as well as come up and use the interactive pen to enhance their understanding of a concept. Individual learning mats are also helpful as the child has the information at their desk and does not need to occur putting up their hand or feel embarrassed to ask questions.Inclusive education creates a supportive environment for all, from providing academic support to behavioral support. There is a need for consistency throughout the school community. If the children with SEN feel part of the school they and their families will feel valued for who they are.By developing inclusion in education, hopefully children will grow up to respect those with different needs and stop prejudices and stereotypes in wider society. Children are being prepared for their future gravid life in the community, it is important to remember that todays classmates are tomorrows em ployers. (Heartland Equity and Inclusion Project n.d. )EVALUATE the benefits of working in partnership with parents and other professionalsIt is vital to work with parents as they have day to day knowledge of their child and over the years will have arrange ways of dealing with their needs. Parents see the child with their own needs and characteristics. Sometimes this may be forgotten in an educational setting where there are many other children to be looked after and educated. There is also an emotional attachment between parents and their child and this needs to be respected by staff particularly if there is conflict in opinions and what is deemed to be best for the child. Some parents may have different viewpoints and opinions to that of practitioners. These will need to be discussed professionally and hopefully get an agreement.When I have discussed issues with parents they are usually very supportive particularly if you can explain how it will benefit their child. I have norm ally managed to come up with suggestions that promote a positive outcome. Parents often just need guidance particularly if they are worried about how their child is progressing in the classroom. With modern technology it is often easy to show parents new apps or websites that can help them support their child at home. At one parents eve I had my IPad and was able to show a parent maths activities to help develop basic maths skills. The parent was delighted as they had not approximation of using the IPad in that way.Depending on the disability of the child will also influence what support might be demand by parents. I was involved in planning a year 7 school trip to York. All pupils were going. There was one pupil who was in a wheelchair. They were able to come with because I asked the mother if she would like to join us. She said she would and then I was able to plan the best thing for the pupil. It necessitated her being in different fitting as the hostel couldnt cope with her sleeping arrangements. But the rest of the trip was fine. She had a great time and all children helped support her during the trip and whilst visit the different sites.It must also be remembered when working with parents that they may have their own disabilities. They need to be respected and help from external agencies may be necessary to help parents attend meetings and other school events.Depending on a childs needs may determine what outside agencies are ask to provide support for the child and the school. For example speech and language therapists, health visitors and social workers or GPs and paediatricians. The child can only learn if all their needs are taken into account. Schools and other educational setting may not have the expertise needed therefore outside agencies must be used as a support for the school as well as the child and their family.Educational settings are there primarily to provide learning and knowledge and the better use of outside expertise the easier it will be for the child to access learning whilst coping with their problems. In one school I taught in a Chinese child joined. He was not able to speak or understand any English. The school provided a interpreter who came into classes and helped support him for a term. By the end of the academic year he was able to communicate with staff and pupils and had made very good progress academically. unwrap how practitioners can adapt their existing practice to support children with disabilities or specific requirements.There are many different areas where adaptation needs to be made to existing practice. This is why there needs to be a whole school approach.Firstly the learning environment to allow the child to move virtually safely. From putting in ramps and stair lifts to re couching furniture in classrooms to cope with the disability of the child. The timetable of a class may need to be altered so that the lessons are in a downstairs room rather than upstairs.The teaching resources a nd materials will also need to be adapted according to the needs of the individual. Worksheets may need to be changed or provided for those with learning disabilities like dyslexia. Pictures and diagrams may need to be used rather than just the written word. Vocabulary sheets can also be provided to assist with understanding. I taught one group of pupils with very low ability in maths and I printed off large posters with pictures to help them understand and for them to be able to see the information all the time. For example months of the year, times of the day. This also helped them to learn to spell important words.I have also taught a pupil with very poor eye sight in PE. I had a ball that had a bell in it to allow her to hear it and other children helped her in small game situations. I also used larger and colourful balls when teaching throwing and catching skills. When teaching deaf children it is necessary to consider where to position the child and the teacher throughout the lesson. I have worn an audio box to allow the child to pick up what I am saying.Providing extra support is important as well as adapting activities. A child may need help with personal care for example getting changed for PE or swimming. Depending on the lesson will determine what support or adaptation is needed.I have included lots of group work to help children who have no confidence in maths to support each other. The children then dont feel that they are stupid. I have taught a pupil with dyscalculia and he needed more one-to-one support that group work.I have also taught a child who needed support in maths only when I was doing work that needed graphs drawing or the use of compasses and protractors. The rest of the time he was fine and near the top of the class. He also needed support when it was assessment time as he lacked confidence in himself. Many children with disabilities are the same.The emotional needs of a child is also important so it may be necessary to adapt how to deal with behavioural issues that come up. The child may just need some time out or somewhere to go if they cant cope in the classroom setting.Adapting existing practice is challenging and the advantage of inclusion is that when all children are taught together differentiation often helps all children. Those with disabilities or specific learning requirements become part of the group and with extra support in the classroom are easier to help.Reference ListInclusive Schools Network, Together We Learn Better Inclusive Schools Benefit All Children.www.inclusiveschools.org Sponsored by Stetson and Associates, Inc. Houston, TX (n.d)(accessed 04 June 2014)Heartland Equity and Inclusion Project, Why Is Inclusion Important?Heartland Community College (N.D.) www.heartland.edu/help/inclusion/importance.jsp(accessed 03 June 2014)Special Educational Needs Code of Practice November 2001Ref DfES/581/2001http//media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/s/special%20educational20needs%20code%20of20pra ctice.pdfUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006http//www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtmlCox, P.R. Dykes, M.K. Effective Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Impairments, in Teaching Exceptional Children July/August 2001www.pathstoliteracy.org(accessed 30 May 2014)

Gangs and Violence in Schools :: Crime Safety Security Education Essays

Gangs and Violence in Schools During the first week of my junior professional experience, I remember my cooperating teacher reading to me an e-mail that she received from the schoolings administration. It was informing tout ensemble of the teachers of new ways to identify gang member the colors they may wear, they way they write certain letters of the alphabet. A few days after I recall seeing one of the students in my class making different hand gestures, which I later learned were gang signs. Then, a geminate of weeks into my full participation in the classroom, a nonher one of my students was suspended for breaking another students jaw. Yet another of my students was suspended rather recently for threatening to influence a gun to school. All of these incidents, along with an assembly that was held one day about gang force-out, nurse made me much more aware of the force out and gang participation that takes place in urban schools. Because it seemed so prevalent in the Trenton school district, I decided to delve deeper into the issue of gangs and violence in schools. I have learned that in Trenton there are three main gangs - the Bloods, the Crips and the Latin Kings, (NJ.com) some of which have been known to have members as young as thirteen. This alarmed me, because this is the age of most of my seventh grade students. It was hard for me to picture any of them being in a gang. I, the like many suburban dwellers, have never had contact with gang members, not to my knowledge anyway. Now I am working in a school full of students who encounter gang members everyday, and may even be a part of a gang themselves. When I became aware of the regular occurrence of gangs in the Trenton area, I began to wonder why adolescents, usually viriles, join gangs in the first place. Though there are many explanations and, of course, each young male has his own reason, many of them the reasons revolve around the issues of safety , respect, money, and a sense of identityMany of them the gang members learned at an early age that they were vulnerable if they did not belong to a gang that would protect them when they were threatened by other gang members (Patton 59).

Seminole Indians :: essays papers

Seminole IndiansEffects on European Settlers and The United States.Timeline of Seminole History1528-Spain lands in Florida for first time (Cabeza de Vaca),1817-First Seminole War.1819-Spain cedes Florida to the United States.1832-Second Seminole War begins.1835-Osceola is captured by Andrew Jackson.1838-Osceola dies in Federal Prison.1842-Second Seminole War ends.1845-Third Seminole War.1907-Oklahoma Enters the union with most of the residents from the southeast part of The United States.In June of 1528 Cabeza de Vaca and the Spanish came to what is now known as Florida for the first of many trips. They came capturing the women and children on with one governor of the Seminole Tribe. The Seminole asked for their family line members back. Spain gave them the women and children but not the governor. Spain responded by attacking and chasing the Indians across the swamps killing only one Indian. The Spanish attacked at once again and only killed one Indian again. The Spanish fled to their boats escaping Florida. The Seminole had mounted their first of many defenses against European Settlers that would wreak havoc on The United States of America in the 19th century. Who are these light skinned throng who come tour landThey arrest our chief and take away our women and childrenWe ask for our people back, and they gave us our women and children, but not our chiefThen they attack us, not defeating us they flee in terror, killing one manThey say our land and our people are poorThey attacked us once more but our strong warriors held up They fled to their ships and departedThese light skinned men were foolish to try to pertain us around on our landThey killed two of our kin members and a Spanish commander in battleThis poem was called Foolish White nation and was inspired by Alvarez Nunez Cabeza de Vaca from Relation of Alvarez Nunez Cabeza de Vaca.Seminole is a word that means wild or those who camp at distances. It is equal to the American word frontiersman. The Seminole were a tribe that broke off from the Creek civilization of Georgia. The Seminole were from the southeast region of the United States. The tribe lived in houses called chickees (see drawing one)When white people came to colonize, as time went on, they referred to the Seminole tribe as part of the Five Civilized Tribes. The other four tribes were the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, the Creek, and the Cherokee.